Doppler Effect Essays - Wave Mechanics, Astronomical Spectroscopy

Doppler Effect Christian Johann Doppler, born November 29, 1803 in Salzburg, Austria died March 17, 1853 in Venice. Christian Doppler an Austrian Physicist who first described how the detected frequency of light and sound waves is affected by the relative motion of the source and the detector. This aspect became known as the Doppler Effect. Christian was educated at the Polytechnical Institute in Vienna. Doppler became director of the physical Institute and professor of experimental physics of the University of Vienna in 1850. In 1842 he published Uber das farbige Licht der Dopperlsterne which means Concerning the Coloured Light of Double Stars, which contained his first statement of the Doppler effect. He then theorized that since the pitch of sound from a moving source varies for a stationary observer, the colour of the light from a star should alter, according to the star's velocity relative to Earth. The cause of the Doppler effect isn't just sound. There is also light. As the source of the wave approaches or moves away to a person. For example you can tell if a light is far away, or close to you without really judging where the light is at. All you have to do is if a light is far away from you then the light is small, and continues to get smaller as it moves away. And if the light is moving towards you then the light becomes bigger, and brighter. Another example of this is if you ever drove in a car at night you can see a car from far away but the headlights of the other car look like they are more seperated apart. And as the vehicle moves closer to you, the lights seem that they are getting closer together. What happens to a pitch or frequency when the source is moving towards the person or away from him/her? It has been established from sound waves that the frequency is higher when a sound source is moving toward the person and lower when it is moving away from him/her. Another example of the Doppler effect is the way a police cars siren changes in pitch when it passes by. The sound waves in front of the car are condensed, while the trailing sound waves are longer and of a lower pitch. Light from an object moving towards the Earth is shifted toward the blue end of the spectrum, where as light from objects moving away is shifted toward the red end. The human ear cannot hear all possible frequencies. Very few people can hear any fewer than 16 Hz or any more than about 20 kHz (kilohertz--1 kHz equals 1,000 Hz). Music rarely makes use of this whole range of audible frequencies. The lowest note on a piano has a frequency of 27 Hz and the highest note a little more than 4 kHz. Frequency- modulation (FM) radio stations broadcast notes up to 15 kHz. These can be heard through hi-fi receivers. The intensity of a sound has nothing to do with its pitch. A high tone can be either loud or soft, and so can a low tone. Intensity depends upon the strength, or amplitude, of the vibrations producing the sound. A piano string, for example, vibrates gently if the key is struck softly. The string swings back and forth in a narrow arc, and the tone it sends out is soft. If the key is struck forcefully, however, the string swings back and forth in a wider arc. The stronger vibration then produces a louder tone. Redshift is a Doppler effect which states that if a galaxy is moving away, the spectral line of that galaxy observed will have a shift to the red end. The faster the galaxy moves, the more shift it has. If the galaxy is moving closer, the spectral line will show a blue shift. If the galaxy is not moving, there is no shift at all. However, as astronomers observed, the more distance a galaxy is located from Earth, the more redshift it shows on the spectrum. This means the further a galaxy is, the faster it moves. Science Essays

Red Cross Involvement in WWII essays

Red Cross Involvement in WWII essays Red Cross Involvement The Red Cross is a group organization, which consists mostly of volunteers that help the needy and the hurt. In the beginning of World War II, when it was just announced that we were at war with the Japanese the doors of the Red Cross opened to thousands of new volunteers that wanted to help the American soldiers. To ease the discomfort of civilians being drafted, the Red Cr0oss decide to turn towards social workers and recreational specialists. (Comptons Interactive Encyl.) The Red Cross helped keep Americans calm during this war but soon, the Cold War Era began and made it difficult to work with. The American Red Cross successfully met the challenges of war and peace as it established a blood program. (Comptons Interactive Encyl.) This blood program was requested by the U.S. Army and Navy. During the four-year period, starting at 1941 in New York City, 6.6 million donors gave blood to help their soldiers. As the blood donors increased during the war, new centers opened and Army and Navy asked the Red Cross for greater amounts of blood. (Comptons Interactive Encyl.) The Red Cross also helped refugees reunite with their familys already living in the U.S. by setting up posts where you could look for names of the loved ones you are missing and see if they have made it back to the U.S. Many youths were in need of clothes and food so the Red Cross supplied what they could from the donations they received to the young people in need. The Nurses Aide Corps was an only volunteer organization to help meet the emergency needs of the civilian population. It played a significant role in building up community health defense during a time when there was a shortage of nurses and medical personnel. (Comptons Interactive Encyl.) Before the attack on Pearl Harbor the Red Cross practiced emergency calls so the ...

Experience of having a child at a young age (age-18) Essay

Experience of having a child at a young age (age-18) - Essay Example Even though my friends and I had numerous differences, it was easy to get along and share so much of our life experiences. From time to time, I would think and talk about my future especially where I expected to be in ten years or so. Just like any other typical woman, I would talk about getting into a successful career and starting a family that would remain united forever. Soon after graduating high school, my friendship and relationship with my friends kept growing over time. Some time passed and the story remained the same. Nothing much happened in my life until I discovered I was expecting a child at the age of eighteen. I was happy but worried too that I would have a child at a young age. On one hand, pregnancy was not a welcome thing in my life at that age. I felt it had begun to complicate my life from there on. I had never thought of having a child at the age of eighteen. My complete focus was on going to college and pursuing a career that would change my life for the better. On the other hand, pregnancy was a situation I had to face without fear or guilt. In many instances, I was concerned not only about my education, but also about the fact that getting a child at a young age would affect the rest of my life. To get through it, I had to convince myself that all would be well and everything would work out in my favor. However, it was obvious that college education was on hold at that point. Days, weeks, and months passed, and eventually I gave birth to a beautiful baby girl, whom I named Lucy. Before my nineteenth birthday, I was a mother. At my age, I had so much to learn about caring for the baby. I attended parenting classes and had frequent visits to the doctor to ensure that the baby’s progress was good. One major thing I always recognize is the support I received from my family and friends. My family stood by me and provided me with financial support since I still depended on my parents. Surprisingly,

How a global corporation strategically manages its marketing Essay

How a global corporation strategically manages its marketing operations across global markets and cultures - Essay Example ghnessy in his â€Å"Competitive marketing: a strategic approach† wrote that â€Å"Marketing covers those activities that relate the organization to those parts of the outside world that use, buy, sell or influence the outputs it produces and the benefits and services it offers† (OShaughnessy, 1995). Marketing, in case of a global organization is influenced by several macro as well as micro environmental factors. Furthermore when a company decides to enter into a new market, it has to prepare a proper marketing plan. In this process all the external and internal factors that are likely to influence the company’s performance, are needed to be taken into consideration. This report includes a well structured marketing plan that can be used by a global organization for launching one of its products in a particular market. The chosen company is Toyota and the chosen product is the Prius car of the company. India is chosen as the target country where the product will b e launched. The Japan based Toyota is one of the largest automobile companies in the world. It’s headquarter is located in Tokyo. According to the information provided by the company in its main website, it was established in the year 1937. Currently the company employs almost 320,808 people throughout the world. The company is mainly known for automobile production and sales. Apart from car manufacturing, the company has its presence in the industries like financial service, housing, Marine, biotechnology etc. (Toyota-b, n.d.). Toyota’s total capital is found to be 397.05 billion yen. According to the company’s financial results, its total sales in the last financial year, was 20,529.5 million yen. In the financial year 2008-09 the company sold almost 1,945,000 cars in the home country and almost 5,622,000 cars in all the foreign markets (Toyota-a, n.d.). Major brands of the company include corolla, camry, land cruiser, prius, high lander, tundra etc. (Toyota, n.d.).Among these brands Prius is one

Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 5

Strategy - Essay Example the people at the project level may not be well informed about the strategy of the business in detailed except in just a general manner. Those in top management may be unwilling to share the picture out of fear of commercial sensitivity (particularly of the future direction). Strategic planning is a vital tool within an organization and should be embraced within any level of management (Barry J. Witcher, 2010). A good organizational planning process is that which brings the organization together. It the process where clear vision of the organization is articulated and also the direction in which it intends to go. A strategic organization makes deliberate actions towards the future direction by coming up with ways to measure and benchmark the progress. Several organizations are faced with the challenges of adopting to changing business environment. The conventional view is that for firms to acquire competitive advantage, core competencies, it has to strategically allocate resources so as to be adoptive in the rapid changing environment. As a result, organizations should streamline their efforts and carry out extensive planning and analysis in selecting markets and products which to engage. The evolutionary, or ecology of population, perspective suggests the degree of organizational change is very high that adaptation is almost impossible; instead organizations grow to adopt into an environment through natural selection. At the other end are those who are of the opinion that the contemporary changes in environment are so high and unanticipated that planning becomes difficult, somewhat, organizations have to be adoptable and nimble. Critically, the metaphor that organizations as entities trying to adopt to their changing environment expresses a sense naturalness and inevitability that covers the discretion and internal conflicts of

Demand For E Ticketing Systems Computer Science Essay

Demand For E Ticketing Systems Computer Science Essay It has already seen that there has been a rapid growth in the demand for E-Ticketing systems in a widespread range of applications like cinemas and theatres. The usage of an Electronic ticketing system has become a huge convenience in the Airline industry as well. Most airlines currently prefer that the bulk of their reservations and booking be done online. As it is a no-paper system, there are huge savings to be made when using the electronic system. This section of the research paper is where the research methods to develop this mobile ticketing are discussed. Upon completion of the literature review, the existing systems have been thoroughly studied. The advantages and disadvantages of the existing systems have been pointed out. The target now is to produce a new idea that has the advantages of the existing systems but does not have its disadvantages. The system has to be new and improved. To accomplish this, the literature review is not enough. Further research needs to be done t o assess if it is even possible to create this system, whether the people will approve of it and find it useful, how feasible is production of this system, what measures need to be taken to make this system and other factors. How this further research will be carried out will be explained here. The planning and schedule of the research method is also stated. Introducing: Mobile Ticketing System for Airlines. A mobile ticketing system is yet to be utilized by most airlines. It is intended to produce such a system where people can finally use their cell phones or mobiles throughout their flights. The use of mobile ticketing has been seen in cinemas and other areas but NOT for airlines. This has not been introduced for flights anywhere in the world, but it has an excellent future. There are many reasons why this is so. There has been an increase in the usage of mobile payment schemes. This has streamlined the process of payment for various products and services. The various schemes include Direct Operator billing, Premium SMS transactions or even linking the application to external payment methods like credit cards or PayPal. This is one of the key features that make this new system very usable. Over all the usage of mobile phones now a days are a must. Almost everyone has a mobile phone with them. So there will be many mobile phone users who will find this system very useful. Mobile Ticke ting will still include benefits to service providers like travel agencies to access new opportunities through smartphones, by bringing value added services, such as traveller guides and tips. It will reduce the amount of paper work and also use of paper itself. Passengers will not have to worry about losing their tickets any more. The system will be the first system that will implement the scanning of mobile QR codes or a quick response code for flights. As the name suggests this code will be apt for the system because it is read very fast and it can store a large amount of data, which is perfect for storing the ticket information. A simple scan of the code and the passenger will be ready for the flight. This new system is Mobile Ticketing System for Airlines. Aims and Scope: The first step in producing any system is to figure out exactly what the system needs to be able to execute, that is to say, its functions. The Mobile Ticketing System is required to fulfil all the business processes of an airline booking system. It will inherit the basic flow of processes of current E-Ticketing systems. Below are the basic functions of this system. Creating Reservations The passenger must login to the airline booking system on the application. The destination, departure and/or return date will be input. Once a flight is booked, the passenger will be prompted for payment. Once the payment clears, the system will generate a unique QR code for the passenger. Checking in Upon arrival at the check-in counter, the passenger allows the scanner to scan the QR code in the phone. The system then validates the ticket and the passenger is checked in. Boarding Once the passenger arrives at the respective boarding gate, another scan is done and the passenger is let on board. Boundaries Boundaries of a system is the boundary that separates the external entities of the system from its internal entities. Knowing the system boundaries assists in reaching the project development goals. The mobile application to be developed is web based and will interact with the current booking system of the airline. As a result, a booking system itself will not be required to be made. The users themselves will interact only with the mobile application. Deliverables: When managing a project, the deliverables of the system need to be well defined. Deliverables are the objects that need to be produced in order for this system to function properly and execute what it is designed to. External Deliverables: The external deliverables of this research project will include an overall report of the system and an appendix including screen layouts, charts and questionnaires. Internal Deliverables: The internal deliverables include a Gantt chart showing the development timeframe and a description of the Methodology of developing the system. Objectives: Please refer to the Appendices for the Gantt chart that displays the overall tasks and timeframe for the development of the system. Key Features: The system must be able to provide the user with up-to-date flight information along with the various prices for a ticket. Must allow the purchasing of a ticket. The system must be able to generate a QR code containing the information regarding the ticket purchased and also information required for validation. The system must include mobile payment methods including Direct Operator billing and Premium SMS transactions. To do this, the system must be registered with the various telecom operators of the country of use. In the case where a passenger does not wish to use mobile payment, the application must allow the user to pat using other methods like credit card or PayPal. In the checking in and boarding process, the system must be able to validate the passenger using scanners. The user must be able to access flight information at any time. Flight cancellation. Advantages of the system: Ease of use The application itself is very simple to use. The purchasing of tickets is fast and less time consuming. Reduces the requirement of waiting in lines, thus saving the user valuable time. Tickets can be purchased from any location, whether it be at home or at the airport itself. All that is required is an internet connection. Avoids the requirement of carrying cash or credit cards during ticket purchase. Significantly reduces the number of free-riders. This is a term given to those travellers who arrive late for a flight and do not have the time to purchase a ticket using the regular method. Mobile Ticketing can increase the consumer experience with the use of Value-added services. For example, in the case of a traveller visiting an unfamiliar location, the application can use the ticket information to generate useful advice and guidelines to the traveller. Ecosystem advantages Savings in cost due to no printing required. There is also a reduction in marketing costs. The system reduces the impact on the environment caused by printed tickets, especially those using magnetic stripes, which are not recyclable. Less paper is used, which saves trees. Solutions to limitations: The descriptions of the limitations of the current systems used are detailed in the literature review. From the limitations mentioned there, the main ones concerning the mobile ticketing system were: Payment methods may not work with foreign subscription phones Tickets can be forged easily Phone can get lost or turn off due to lack of battery charge. Last minute flight cancellations will pose a problem when trying to book a different flight. The solutions to the above problems are elaborated below: In the case in which certain Premium SMS transactions are blocked by some operators, registering the foreign operator providing the Premium SMS with the local operators may solve the problem. In the case where it is not possible at all, other payment methods like credit cards or PayPal must be used. Another problem for E-ticketing systems is ticket forgery. With the use of Mobile-ticketing, various encryption methods can be used to prevent forgery. Also, the smartphones used by the passengers can be registered into the system, so that alerts can be made if a phone is stolen. Prior notice will be given to go to the airport with the phone battery fully charged. In the case of a flight cancellation, the system will look for an alternative flight. If there is a difference in pricing, a refund process will be initiated or extra charges will be added to the passengers account.

Swiss Government :: essays research papers

Switzerland is a decentralized federal republic composed of 20 cantons and six half cantons. These in turn are divided into communes. Legislative power is the responsibility of the dual-chamber Federal Assembly. One chamber consists of 200 representatives chosen by the electorate for four-year terms. The other, which has 46 representatives, is selected directly by the cantons. Each sends two representatives, but the mode of their election and the terms of their service depend on the laws of the individual cantons. Executive power is in the hands of the Federal Council, which is chosen by the assembly. The council consists of seven members elected for four-year terms, and they act as a cabinet. One of the members of the council is chosen as president but serves for only one year. The president's powers are therefore extremely limited. Women did not attain suffrage until 1971. While men in one of the half cantons continued to reject proposals to allow women the right to vote on local matters, the nation's high court in 1990 ordered them to grant women the right. In the 16th century Switzerland was the focus of the Protestant Reformation, and the cantons split along religious lines. One of the greatest political and religious leaders of the Reformation was John Calvin. His success lay in his extraordinary ability to combine extreme political convictions with administrative talent. Calvin made much of Switzerland a tower of Protestant strength. Both civil and secular law were dominated by Calvin's preachings. His religious base was Geneva, but his ideas spread rapidly to Scotland, the Netherlands, and even to southern France. Another famous religious leader was Huldrych Zwingli, who preached in Zurich and led the Protestants in an extended civil war with their Roman Catholic neighbors (see Calvin; Zwingli). Switzerland's secession from the Holy Roman Empire was recognized by the Treaty of Westphalia, which followed the Thirty Years' War early in the 17th century. The desire for independence ultimately overshadowed religious conflict, and the new state soon regained political stability. There was an intellectual flourishing of literature and philosophy in centers like Geneva, Basel, Bern, and Zurich. During the Napoleonic era that followed, Switzerland was occupied by the French, who imposed their institutions on the country. This all ended with the defeat of the French and the convening of the Congress of Vienna in 1815, which guaranteed Swiss neutrality for the foreseeable future.