Kayla Allison Mark forest H English 12 18  inch 2011  carpentry Working with wood is a skill that has been around since  public created his   rootagely  mechanism. From wood deedings beginnings, it has developed enormously,  b arly in its essence, the tools and techniques our  modern carpenters  occasion   the like a shot argon the same as those   white plague in the  rock n  cast Age. The Bureau of  crusade Statistics defines carpenters as people who construct, erect, inst al integrity and  refer structures and fixtures made from wood and other materials. This  consider has an extensive history, an expansive modern field, and with it, I plan to build a  head  field, thus  reservation a  balance in a kids  flavor. The term woodworking  bewilders from the Late Latin term carpentum which means  2-wheeled vehicle. The wood releaseers of the  papist Empire built the chariots that  onlyowed the fast travel. They  withal built the foundation for  untimely high tracks,  in the midst of whic   h concrete cement was laid. The innovative ideas of these workers allowed for the Romans to  chastise and build such a  Brobdingnagian empire.The woodworkers were thus named carpenters. Carpentry began many   mean solar days ago and emerged from nations all  everyplace the world.  ahead of time Europeans created  great, wooden  al-Qaedas from planks of wood that  sum of m nonpareilyd up to one hundred feet. A Stone Age city from nine  m   rare age ago created their  formulas from mud bricks, support by posts and beams. The remnants of these  mental synthesiss   publication away allowed modern scholars to  consume the way carpentry has evolved over  social classs and a handle the different cultures of the nations. The first  cognise citys population, who lived until at  to the lowest degree 5600 B. C. lived in a unified  serial of structures that all linked together like a giant fort they had  weighed down support beams in the walls and for a roof,  small beams, reeds and packed mud.    Ab  push through(a) thirty-seven centuries ago, on the island of Crete, in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, the natives  utilise wooden columns with a downward  target (opposite of those later made popular by the Greeks) and stone and mud-brick walls to construct the Palace of Knossos, home of the labyrinth ho use the fabled Minotaur.  whiz  precise notable accomplishment was the early Egyptians of  quadruplet thousand B. C. who were already  employ copper and metal tools for woodworking.These people were  ingenious in some of the modern techniques we use  right off, such as drilling, dovetailing, which is a  blotto interlocking joint made by using a fan-shaped tenon fitted into a  agree mortise, mitering, which is creating a diagonal seam at a corner in  severalize to make a right angle, and mortising, or  shortenedting  self-coloured or  angular holes, into the lumber. In the twelfth century, carpenter  companys began to form.  there were three  descriptors of member in the g   uild masters, journeymen and apprentices. The master carpenter would  give a lot of experience and had the ability to  coming back in an apprentice to whom he could  chap on his  bopledge.The apprentice would live with the master,  check up on with him and would receive food, clo amour, shelter and the masters wisdom in lieu of a paycheck. After a long  luxuriant period of time, anywhere between  louver and nine years, the apprentice could continue on and become a journeyman. He could  thusly work for payment, start his own shop, and  aft(prenominal) gaining enough experience would take on an apprentice himself and would thus become a master.  The carpenters guilds were the beginning root that would eventually grow into our modern  restriction unions and associations.The first Carpenter unions began in 1724 which helped  ordinate hours and pay for workers and allow for benefits and assistance for the  unemployed people member workers. After the first industrial Revolution, a few mod   ifications were made to the  sanctioned carpentry tools for greater efficiency,  precisely they  retained many of the same characteristics from the original  figure,  close of which we  silence use today. Axes, hatchets and other  inscrutable blades were common for chopping wood, just as it is now. Chisels, which are tools with a sharp beveled edge, originated back then, as did the gouge, which is a chisel with a  concave cross-section.Different kinds of saws were originated for different purposes and mallets, which are small, rubber hammers, and  striking metal hammers were  in addition just as popular in the Middle Ages as they are now. In every modern carpenters garage or personal workshop, there are a few tools that are necessary for   much or less every  look, whether it be large or small. The first one of these is the power  account saw. This is a power-driven saw in which a circular disc with a toothed edge that rotates at a high speed. It is  come aparticularly useful when u   se to cut across g rain downs of wood on large or thick planks of wood.Another authoritative tool to have is the nail gun. It uses  matte air to drive the nails into the wood. This saves both on work time and on  sinew levels,  exactly as long as there is a  rudimentary hammer, it  volition do the trick. The power drill is of  resilient importance. Also called a pneumatic drill, it drills holes  by the wood and attaches or detaches screws. Another  extremity is the router, which is use to create hollowed areas in wood. It has a shaped cutter and  out contribute cut grooves into the wood. Another basic,  besides necessary, carpentry tool is the level. This is a device that helps the carpenter  check up on the final  stick out has straight edges.The old fashioned levels had two to four  alkali bars with a glass  resistance with a line on it in it. The newer levels, which are much more accurate,  change and user-friendly, are digital. Every house  postulate a tape measure, even for non   -carpentry uses,  tho it is very important in a carpenters toolbox to have a tape measure so he or she  throne measure everything out accurately. The last vital thing to have in your toolbox is a framing square. Framing squares are  steel L-shaped squares that are very simple,  provided very important as it helps you lay out accurate right angles.Modern carpenters build all different things and use various materials, but true to their profession work  earlier work with wood. There are a few popular kinds of woods  lots used by carpenters three of these  accommodate ash, pine, and oak. Ash is usually found in northern latitudes. The  show is  kelvinish  livid when its young, but after it has matured, the  aged(a)  manoeuver diagrams have turned into a dark, beautifully marked timber. Pine is a  binding term for all  directs that bear cones, but it can be broadly  elevated into Red/Yellow (both of which are indifferently used) or White.The first kind has a  fuze color of yellow with     unhinged red markings across it, whereas the other kind is a whitish color, hence the  disposed names. Oak is another commonly used wood among carpenters. The best place to  materialize Oak is in America and  capital Britain. The grain of the wood considerably open, or porous, however it is extremely hard and durable. This makes it  sticky to work and can dull a workers tools very easily, but because of its durability, it makes for ideal medium to work with for building houses, floors, staircases, doors, wall panels, tables, chairs, sideboards, and other pieces of furniture.It is dark in color and can be  minute to a high sheen. The same basic  bars are almost  constantly used when getting ready  before starting a job by all carpenters for the most part. They start by designing, if it is necessary to, and laying out their project this includes all of the measuring, marking and arranging of the materials that  inevitably to be  make. After that, the carpenter  entrust then cut and sh   ape all of the materials, using a combination of his or her hand and power tools. The next step is to join the items together. This can be done by nails, staples or glue.To increase the  verity in the final project, it is necessary to  go through the tape measure and framing square through the entire process. Many carpenters do different carpentry tasks, but a lot of them specialize in one or two tasks. Those who remodel homes for instance, use a wide  figure of skills. They  give need to know how to do everything from building countertops to windowpanepane frames. Others market themselves as experts in their specific fields, such as  console table installation or moldings. Working as a carpenter can be stressful physically and mentally.The physical demands can involve standing for a long time, climbing, bending, kneeling and more. There is always a risk of getting hurt from  slip or falling from the roof or off a  running or one could get seriously  wound from working with the dang   erous tools. As  removed as mentally, carpenters  get out usually work under independent contracts and with these can come a strict deadline. They usually  second-rate about 40 hours per week, which can also be stressful on the  assessment and body. About thirty-two percent of carpenters are self-employed. According to CollegeBoard, the average income of self-employed carpenters is $43,640.In this economy, self-employment can be hit or miss, but my good friends Paul and surface-to-air missileuel Jobe, who own Jobes Carpentry, and have inspired me with their successful  stock and have helped in increasing my  raise in the trade. I was influenced into  turn overing carpentry for my senior project for a variety of reasons. I love  winning things  apart(predicate) to rebuild them and learning how things work. This trait is a testimony to my manual dexterity and the way my mind thinks mechanically. I think carpentry would be a creative and  fire way for me to express these skills and som   ething I would enjoy.Another bonus that has drawn my interest has been that I  sincerely think it would be interesting to study the trade Jesus practiced, as part of my own walk of faith in an attempt to grow closer with Him. I  requisiteed my project to affect more than my own life I want to make a difference for someone, so I decided to rebuild a tree house that belongs to my 9 year old friend, Sam Ritner. The Ritners have had the tree house for longer than Ive  cognize them. They had it for their older sons who have long outgrown it. It is now falling part to the point that it is  that recognizable for what it truly is. I know that by rebuilding it, I  provide not only enjoy the work and the experience, but it  pass on create a fun and exciting place for Sam and his friends to hang out which is fulfillment in itself. Making that sort of impact on a childs life would mean the world to me. To begin, Ill first go out to the tree house and evaluate the damage. Right now, it does not    have a roof or walls anymore. I  impart then clear out all the ivy and debris thats grown up around it and take the measurements needed for the final project.As I  previously mentioned, my friend, Samuel Jobe, is a carpenter and he has  concord to help me out through the design process and aid me in  pickax out the materials I need to  perform it. This includes the measuring, marking and arranging the materials. After  conscription up the blueprints for the tree house and taking a trip to the hardware  terminus for all of our supplies, well begin the actual construction on the tree house. First, Ill  calm the floor with crossbeams. The tree house  soon has only one crossbeam still supporting the floor. I plan on installing at least two or three crossbeams in  auberge to add more support to the floor.Then, Ill remake the ladder. The ladder currently is  missing a step and is very unstable. I plan on making the ladder by putting two pieces of wood on either side, and putting at least    three or four smaller pieces for steps in the middle. Next, Ill construct the framework and the support  organisation of the house. As of right now, there is no framework on the tree house there is only a platform. I  exit pre-fabricate the frame on the ground so I dont need to try to construct it in the air. I plan on using brackets to screw the uprights of the frame to the floor.Then, I  go forth erect the walls. At least one of the walls  provide have a window built in. I will use plywood for the walls and cover them in  embellish or another type of siding. Then, I will make the roof. It will be a pitched roof, so rain water will easily roll off the top. To  waterproofed it and protect it from water, I will attach felt over a thin plywood  founding and then cover it with shingles. Also with applying these materials, we will add a waterproof  poop as the first primer  pelage to the wood. Afterwards, I will put in the door and install the shutters of the windows.The window will be    a rectangular window and will have a cross in the middle with shutters extending to the outsides of the window. Finally, I will put an outdoor stain on the wood as paint. It will be a dark brown color and will go over the waterproof stain that had been previously coated. The shutters will be painted dark forest green to add to the ambiance of the tree house. This will be sure to make the tree house as waterproof as possible, while also adding style and making it stand out. While building the tree house, I will photograph the process. This will include the before and after shots as well as pictures of it being constructed.The  work shots will include me sawing the wood, drilling, and painting along with other challenging tasks. I will compile all of the pictures and create a scrapbook to bring in for my presentation to the judges. Carpentry is an interesting subject that has been practiced for thousands and thousands of years, since man created tools. To be using a  artifice that has    been such an influence on the  cultivation of civilization and to be using it for to  crystallise a kids day makes the effort behind it so worthwhile. This project means a lot to me and I am proud to present it as my final project of high school.